出丑效應（Pratfall effect）是指在社會心理學中，當一個人在公眾場合犯了錯誤或出丑時，反而會增加他在他人眼中的吸引力和好感度的現象。這種效應取決於個人的感知能力，並且特別適用於有能力的人。出丑效應也被稱為仰巴腳效應、犯錯誤效應或白璧微瑕效應。
出丑效應最初由艾略特·阿隆森於1966年描述[1]，並且在此後進行了大量的研究。這些研究探討了性別、自尊和錯誤嚴重程度對吸引力和討人喜歡度變化的影響。研究結果顯示，即使是普通人犯了同樣的錯誤，他們往往不會像有能力的人那樣變得更受歡迎。
出丑效應在行銷中也被廣泛應用，有時被稱為瑕不掩瑜效應（Blemishing effect）。這種效應的應用通常是指故意展示產品或品牌的一些缺點或失誤，以增加消費者對其的好感度和信任度。
總結來說，出丑效應是指當一個人在公眾場合犯錯或出丑時，反而會增加他在他人眼中的吸引力和好感度的現象。這種效應適用於有能力的人，並且在行銷中也被廣泛應用。
The Pratfall Effect
The Pratfall Effect refers to the phenomenon in social psychology where a person's attractiveness and likability in the eyes of others increases when they make a mistake or embarrass themselves in public. This effect depends on the person's perceived competence, and is particularly applicable to capable individuals. The Pratfall Effect is also known as the Klutz Effect, the Error Effect, or the Blemishing Effect.
The Pratfall Effect was first described by Elliott Aronson in 1966, and has since been the subject of extensive research. These studies have explored the impact of gender, self-esteem, and the severity of the mistake on changes in attractiveness and likability. The findings indicate that even ordinary people who make the same mistakes do not become as popular as capable individuals.
The Pratfall Effect is also widely applied in marketing, sometimes referred to as the Blemishing Effect. The application of this effect usually involves deliberately showcasing some flaws or failures in a product or brand, in order to increase consumer goodwill and trust.
In summary, the Pratfall Effect refers to the phenomenon where a person's attractiveness and likability in the eyes of others increases when they make a mistake or embarrass themselves in public. This effect applies to capable individuals, and is also extensively used in marketing.