羅森塔爾效應,也稱為庇格馬利翁效應(Pygmalion Effect),是一種社會心理學效應。它描述了人們對他人的預期會影響到後者的實際表現或成就。
這一效應源於希臘神話中的庇格馬利翁故事。據說,庇格馬利翁是一位塞浦路斯的雕塑家,他創造了一位美麗的女性雕塑,並深深地愛上了自己的作品。後來,女神阿芙洛黛忒受到庇格馬利翁的虔誠祈禱,使雕塑活了過來,成為了一個真正的女性。
社會心理學家羅森塔爾也進行了著名的實驗,發現教師對學生的期望值會影響學生的表現。他告訴老師某些學生具有較高的學習潛力,實際上這些學生並無特別之處,但在老師的期望影響下,這些學生最終確實表現出較好的成績。
因此,"羅森塔爾效應"指的是,人們對某個人的期望值會通過各種方式影響到該人的實際表現和成就。這表明,人的行為和發展很大程度上受到他人對自己的期望和看法的影響。它揭示了人與人之間關係的一種心理機制。
The Rosenthal Effect (Pygmalion Effect)
The Rosenthal Effect, also known as the Pygmalion Effect, is a phenomenon in social psychology. It describes how a person's expectations of another individual can influence the latter's actual performance or achievement.
This effect originates from the Greek myth of Pygmalion. According to the myth, Pygmalion was a sculptor from Cyprus who created a beautiful female sculpture and fell deeply in love with his own creation. Later, the goddess Aphrodite, moved by Pygmalion's devout prayers, brought the sculpture to life, transforming it into a real woman.
The social psychologist Rosenthal also conducted famous experiments that found that teachers' expectations of students can influence the students' performance. He told teachers that certain students had higher learning potential, even though these students were not particularly special. Under the influence of the teachers' expectations, these students ultimately did perform better.
Therefore, the "Rosenthal Effect" refers to the phenomenon that a person's expectations of another individual can influence the latter's actual performance and achievements through various means. This suggests that a person's behavior and development are largely affected by others' expectations and perceptions of them. It reveals a psychological mechanism underlying interpersonal relationships.